One assay used is called a scratch test
LaFaive, Fleenor and Nesbit (2008), LaFaive and Nesbit (2010) and LaFaive, Nesbit and Drenkard (2016) exclude North Carolina from their samples because it is modeled as the primary source of commercially smuggled cigarettes in the second stage regression.[70] Given the changes implemented in our second stage specification (discussed below), we do not exclude North Carolina or any other contiguous state from our sample
A low rate of arsenic methylation is related to a low rate of excretion
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On average, a cigarette contains between 0.6 to 1.0 mg of nicotine
Lastly, as our final modeled component of casual smuggling, we include a binary variable, Menthol Ban , equal to 1 during years in which a state has banned the sale of menthol flavored cigarettes and zero otherwise
