Image Source: Pexels Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes or vapes), formally known as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), are devices that heat liquids typically containing nicotine, alongside chemical compounds, to produce an inhalable vapour a process referred to as vaping
With growing attention on harm-reduction tools in 2025, CAPNOS is carving out its niche
Comprehensive reviews of the effects of passive smoking include reports by: the US Surgeon General 12 13 National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia 14 US National Research Council 15 World Health Organization (WHO) 16 17 California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 18 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 19 Prior to the implementation of the smokefree law, it was estimated that exposure to secondhand smoke in the workplace caused around 617 premature deaths in the UK each year
Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry
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Worse still, many contain other impurities such as rat poison, traces of lead, dead flies, human and animal feces and asbestos
