It increases the risk for multiple metabolic complications including type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), cardiovascular disease as well as many mechanical complications such as osteoarthritis and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) [3]
timing often aligned with meals (morning or post-workout) to manage insulin-like effects
Conservative protocols involving cycling address this uncertainty by limiting continuous exposure
On a 100-unit syringe, each unit equals 0.1 mg
Vitamin E In individuals undergoing coronary imaging studies, seven days of prophylactic (preventive) treatment with 350 mg alpha-tocopherol or 300 mg gamma-tocopherol, along with intravenous saline, reduced the incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (Tasanarong 2013)
The methylcobalamin component may partially offset some GI side effects