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Compared with control cells, the mRNAs of ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase), CHOP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein) and caspase -3 significantly increased and PPAR - (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ) mRNAs significantly decreased in the alcohol-induced model groups of human normal liver cell line LO2 (Figure 7A), hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 (Figure 7B) and model animal (Figure 7C)

Key mechanisms include: Stimulation of collagen and elastin synthesis in fibroblasts Activation of lysyl oxidase for collagen cross-linking Enhanced production of glycosaminoglycans and decorin Modulation of metalloproteinase activity for controlled matrix breakdown The copper ion serves as an essential cofactor for enzymes involved in collagen synthesis and provides antioxidant protection through superoxide dismutase activation

Chu, L., Bradley, R

HA also contributes directly to cartilage protection through its high molecular weight, which guards chondrocytes against oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species

Sharma, F

Vivid blue coloration in a copper peptide product indicates concentrations that may be too high