Quality Standard
Smith SEP, Li J, Garbett K, Mirnics K, Patterson PH
[25] Koca, R., Armutcu, F., Altinyazar, C., Gurel, A
CHAC1 further exacerbates cellular stress by degrading GSH, intensifying oxidative damage and ultimately driving ferroptotic cell death (Figure 5) ( FIGURE 5 While the eIF2K3/PERK-eIF2-ATF4 cascade, another branch of the ISR, can modulate ferroptosis in the context of ER stress, cysteine deprivation selectively activates GCN2 rather than PERK, highlighting distinct regulatory mechanisms ( Cysteine starvation triggers mitochondrial fragmentation, impairs mitochondrial function and leads to the accumulation of ROS ( CHAC1 is upregulated through the ATF4-dependent ISR pathway, where it degrades GSH to liberate cysteine needed for the synthesis of Fe-S cluster proteins (Ward et al., 2024)
Using a 29 to 31 gauge needle, allowing the solution to reach room temperature, and injecting slowly all minimize discomfort
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83(3):e345-51, 2012